General characters:The intimate symbiotic association of fungi and algae is called lichens.Algae get protection and get moisture from fungus.Fungi get nutrition from the algae.The food substances diffuse from algae to fungi.The algae of lichens mostly belong to Chlorophyta and cyanobacteria. Distribution: Lichens have worldwide distribution. The form major part of vegetation in Polar Regions. They can withstand extreme temperatures. Classification: ...

General structure Physcia is foliose lichen. Physcia is divided into four regions internally. These regions are: 1. Upper cortex: It is present at the upper regions. It is composed of closely packed hyphae. Spaces are absent between them. if spaces are present, they are filled by gelatinous material. The upper surface may be smooth or it has hair like structures. ...

Occurrence of bryophytes Bryophytes are terrestrial plants. They mostly grow in moist and cold habitats. Some species can grow in dry places. But they depend on moisture for the reproductive stage. Bryophytes have world wide in distribution. They are found in tropical, temperate, subarctic and arctic regions. General structure Bryophytes show alternation of generation. Gametophyte The dominant generation in bryophyte ...

Scientific classification Division Bryophyta Class Hepaticae Order Marchantiales Family Ricciaceae Genus Riccia OCCURRENCE The genus Riccia has aboutI30 species. Some botanists have reported its 200 species. Many of its species are found in Punjab. Kashmir and Western Himalayas. The species are found scattered from hilly and plains areas. All the species are terrestrial. They grim on damp soil or moist ...

Occurrence Anthoceros grows on moist soil. They are present in shady places or ;n the crevices of rocks. Anthoceros erecrus, A. himalayensis, and A. chambensis are commonly found in Westeni Himalayas General structure Anthoceros has thallus body. It is lobed and it has irregular or dichotomous branches. The lobes have a wavy margin. Anthoceros form small rosette like plant. Unicellular ...

Occurrence It grows on moist rocks. It also occurs on shaded sides of tree trunks. It forms dense mats closely covering the substratum. Some are aquatic and grow in cool waters. General structure Plant body is gametophyte. It is composed of three parts: I.  Stem: The mature plant consists of a slender dorsoventral stem. it branches extensively. The prostrate stems ...

Occurrence Of Polytrichum  Polytrichum have worldwide distribution. They are very common in cool temperature and tropical regions. Plants live in cool and shady places. General structure of Polytrichum  The main plant body is gametophyte. The adult plant consists of two parts: rhizome and upright leafy shoot. 1.  Rhizome: It is horizontal portion and grows underground. It bears three rows of small brown ...

Photoperiodic Induction If a plant is exposed to periods of light and darkness long enough to promote flowering, it is said to be photoperiodically induced, and the minimum duration of light needed to initiate floral primordia is called inductive cycle photoperiod. It was observed that if a short-day plant growing under long-short conditions is temporarily transferred to short day conditions ...

Funaria Occurrence Funaria is  terrestrial moss. It grows in the form of bright green velvety patches in shady and damp places. Genus Funaria is composed of 117 species. Funaria hygrometrica is most common and worldwide species. It grows well on burnt soil. It grows best in the presence of calcium, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus. Vegetative structure of gametophyte Structure of ...

Fossil & Fossilization – importance , types and divisions PALEOBOTANY The study of fossils of plant life of the geologic past is called paleobotany. Paleobotany tells us the story of preserved vestiges of the plant life of the past. In simplified language paleobotany may be defined as a branch of botany which deals with the study of such plants which ...