Batrachospermum

Occurrence

Batrachospermum is fresh water alga. It is found in clear, cool and running streams. Deep water plants are dark violet or reddish in colour. But the shallow water species are olive green. The intensity of light changes the colour of pigments. The thallus is attached to the substratum.

General structure

Vegetative structure

Tha:lus of adult plant is soft, thick, filamentous. It is freely branched and gelatinous. The central axis is made up of single row of large celk. Whorls of branches of limited growth are developed on this axis. These branches are filamentous and dichotomously arranged. The main axis is corticated. It consists of a row of elongated cylindrical cells. It is differentiated into nodes and intemodes. There are two types of branches arise from the nodes:

a)        Branches of limited growth: These arise in whorls from the

nodes. These grow for sometime, and then these end in long hairs. Their cells arranged like beads. All of the branches of a whorl are equal in length. Therefore, they form globose etructure ;al led glomerule.

b)        Branches of unlimited growth: These branches arise from the

imsal cells of branches of limited growth. These are also differentiated into nodes and intemodes and are corticated. 3ranches of limited growth arise from their nodes. Their cells are comparatively longer.

Cell, structure

The cells are uninucleate. Their cell’, are °minded by two layered cell walls. Outer layer is composed of pectic compounds and inner layer is composed of cellulose. Pit connections are present between cells. Cell has many irregular chromatophores. Its pigments are phroerythrin, phycocyanin, and other photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, Carotene and Xanthophyll. Each chrcmatophore has single pyrenoid. The central cells of the axis are connected by cytoplasmic connection. Reserved food irn terial is floedean starch.

Growth

I. Formation of branches of limited growth: Growth ;n main clament occurs by apical single cell. Transverse division occurs in the cell. It cut off cells towards the posterior side. Each of these czils cuts off of four small cells. These cells become initials for the side branches. These initials divide manv times. Coster of small branches arises form these groups of lateral cells. It gives the plant beaded pattern. Each cluster of side branch •s called glomerule. These branches produce whorls.

2. Growth of central axis: The cells of the central axis elongates very much. Therefore, lateral cells separate from each other. Thus they form node like structure on the axis.
3. Formation of pseudocortex: The cells at the nodes produce Flaments towards downside. They closely surround the central cells upto next node. Thus they form loose covering around thecentral axis. This loose covering is called pseudocortex.4. Formation of braches of unlimited growth: One or more cells on each node may acts as apical cell. This cell produces lateral branches of unlimited growth like main axis.ReproductionAsexual reproduction

   Non-motile asexual spores called monospores are produced in Batrachospermum. They are produced only by juvenile stage or chantransia stage.

   Sexual reproduction

   Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The plant may be homothallic and heterothal I ic.

   a)     Antheridia or spermatangia: The male sex organs are

   antheridia or spermatangia. They are small unicellular structure. Mature spermataguium is thick walled, colourless and rounded. Spermatangia are produced singly, in pairs in groups of fours. [he protoplast of antheridium changes into single non-motile spermatium. The antheridial wall ruptures and release spermatium.

   b)     Carpogonia: The female reproductive organ is carpogonia. Carpogonia are unicellular. It consists of an elongated cell ^–resent at the base. The upper larger portion is called trichogyne. The lower globular portion is called mirophore. The branch bearing the carpogonium is called ascocarp. Ascocarp consists of four cells. The terminal cell form ;arpogonium. Egg nucleus is present in mirophore. Egg nucleus is surrounded by some cytoplasm and it changes into egg. frichogyne is separated from the mirophore by a constriction. Trichogyne is used for receiving sperm.

   Fertilization

   The spermatium falls on the surface of trichogyne. The wall of trichogyne dissolves and spermatium nucleus enters into carpogonium. It fuses with the female nucleus to form zygott.. Germination The zygote nucleus divides into four nuclei. First division is reduction division.

   1. Cystocarp formation: A protuberance is produced on the

   carpogonium. One daughter nuclei migrates into this rrotuberance. Septa separate this protuberance from carpogonium

   

   Carposporangium development

   New protuberances formed on carpogonium. Remaining nuclei migrate to them. These protuberances divide and form gonimoblast filament. The carpogonium with gonimoblast P laments are called cystocarp.

   2. Formation of carpospores: The terminal cell of gonimoblast Hament produces non-motile carpospore. The carpospore is formed in the form of naked mass of protoplast.
   3. Formation of chantransia stage: Carpospore separates from the filaments and secretes cell wall. It settles on suitable environment. Then it becomes a pod of parenchymatous tissues. A small outgrowth is formed from one side of carpospore. The cutgrowth is cut off by the formation of septum. It divides transversely for many times to form prostrate filaments. This sage of thallus resemble to another alga called cha itransia. Therefore, this stage of Batrachospermum is called Chantransia stage. It is juvenile stage. This stage reproduces by for ation of monospores.
   4. Formation of monospores: The terminal cells of filaments form monospore. Monospores are non-motile and uninucleate. They are produced in monosporangia. Some cells of the Chantransia stage become swollen. They become spherical and oblong to form monosporangia. The content of each monosporangium develop into single uninucleate spore called monospore. These spores librates and again develop chantransia stage. The terminal cells of

   the lower branches of chantransia functions as apical cell. They ive rise to adult plant. It is generally believed that chantransia filament forms the prostate system and filament proper form the eet system.

   .:lternation of generation

   ‘,.itrachospermum plant is free living haploid gametophyte It cevelops spermatangia and carpogonia which produce male and :einale gametes. These gametes unite to form diploid zygote. ¹. “I he zygote nucleus divides meiotically and gonimoblast nuclei ,ire formed. The terminal cells of gonimoblast act as iirposporangia. These develop carpospores this plant is called Ca rposporopbyte.

   3. I :’e carpospores germinate to produce Chantransia stage. The 1,;:iture plant arises from the filament of Chantransia stage.

   Thus there are two haploid phases are formed during the life cycle of Batrachospermum. These are gametophyte and carposporophyte. They alternate with one diploid phase called zygote. Therefore, the life cycle of Batrachospermum is haplobiontic or dibasic type.