Ectocarpus

Occurrence

Ectocarpus is a brown alga. It is abundantly found throughout the world in cold waters. A few species occur in fresh waters. The plant grows attached to rocks and stones along coasts. Some species are epiphytes on other algae like members of Fucales and Laminaria. Ectocarpus fasciculatus grows on the fins of certain fish in Sweden. Ectecarpus dermonemcnis is endophytic. Ectocarpus carver and Ectocarpus spongiosus are free- floating.

Ectocarpus

Vegetative Structure

Structure of thallus

Genetically the thalli may be haploid or diploid. But both the types are morphologically alike. The thallus consists of profusely branched uniseriate filaments. It shows heterotrichous habit. There are two systems of filaments. These are prostrate and projecting system. The filaments of the projecting system arise from the filaments of prostrate system

a) Prostate system: The prostrate system consists of creeping,

leptate, irregularly branched filaments. These filaments are attached to the substratum with the help of rhizoids. This system _•enetrates the host tissues in epiphytic conditions. Prostrate system is poorly developed in free floating species.

13) Projecting system: The projecting system arises from the prostrate system. It consists of well branched filaments. Each °ranch arises beneath the septa. The main axis and the branches of the projecting system are uniseriate. In this case, rens are _joined end to end in a single series. The branches terminate into an acute point to form a hair. In some species the older portions of main axis are ensheathed (corticated). This sheath is formed of a layer of descending rhizoidal branches.

Vegetative structure of Edon

Cell Structure

The cells are small. They are cylindrical or rectangt lar and uninucleate.

1. the cell wall is thick It is composed of three layers composed of pectic-cellulose. Algin and fucoidan are also present in the cell wall. These are characteristic gelatinous substances of tne walls of brown algae.
2. The chromatophores may ribbon-like with irregular outline or disc- shaped. The dominant of Ectocarpus is fncoxanthin. It gives this algae golden brown colour. The other photosynthetic iigments are chlorophyll-a, -c, beta.carotene and other xanthophylls.
3. “yrenoid-like bodies-are associated with the chromatophores.
4. All other eukaryotic organelle are present.GrowthThe growth of filaments in projecting system may be intercalary ora)        Intercalary: In some species, an intercalary meristem ir present it the base of the hair. It is called trichothallic meristem. It increases the length of the terminal hair and vegetative cell of the branch. This growth is called trichothallic growth.b)        The growth in the prostrate system is apicalReproduction

   Ectocarpus reproduces by both asexual and sexual methods.

   Asexual reproduction

   The asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of biflagellate zompores. These zoospores may be haploid produced in one-celled unilocular sporangia. Or they may be diploid formed in many­cellod plurilocular sporangia. Both kinds of sporangia are present on the same diploid sporophyte plant. The sporangia are borne terminally and singly on lateral branches.

   (a)     Unilocular Sporangia

   A unilocular sporangium develops from a terminal cell of a short lateral branch.

   1. Ile sporangial initial enlarges in size. It becomes globose or ellipsoidal. The number of chromatophores also increases in it.
   2. The nucleus of the sporangium divides meiotically to produce four haploid nuclei. These nuclei undergo repeated mitotic divisions to produce 32-64 daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm of the lporangium divides.
   3. A small amount of cytoplasm surrounds a nucleus and a

   thromatophore to produce daughter protoplasts. Each daughter protoplast metamorphoses into a meiozoospore (produced by meiosis). Meiozoospore is pyriforrn and biflagellate. The flagella are laterally inserted and are of unequal size. The larger one directed forward and the smaller one is directed backward.

   4. An apical pore is formed in the gelatinous mass of sporangia. The meiozoospores come out of this pore.
   5. These are separated from each other after few moments. They swim freely in all directions. A new sporangium may be nroduced within the old sporangial wall after the liberation of zoospores.

   (b)     Plurilocular Sporangia

   The plurilocular sporangia are stalked or sessile. These are elongated, cone-like multicellular structures. These also develop from a terminal cell of a short lateral branch.

   1. The sporangial initial enlarges in size. It undergoes repeated transverse mitotic divisions. It produces a vertical row of 6-12 :ells.
   2. These cells then divide by vertical and transverse divisions repeatedly. They form a cone-like structure. This cone consists of hundreds of small cubical cells. These cells are arranged in 20-40 transverse tiers. Each cell represents a sporangium.
      3. The protoplast of each cell metamorphoses into a single mitozoospore (produced by mitosis). The mitozoospore is pear-shaped, diploid and biflagellate. The flagella are of unequal size Ind are laterally inserted.
      4. The mitozoospores are liberated through a terminal or a lateral pore. This pore is formed in the wall of the sporangium.
         

         Development of PI uri local sporangia

         Germination of Zoospores

         a) Germination of meioszoospores: The zoospores formed in unilocular sporangia (meioszoospores) swarm for scinetime. fhey then come to rest on some solid object. They withdraw their flagella and secrete a membrane around then. They germinate and form a small germ tube. This tube is separated prom the meiozoospore cell through a septum. This germ tube divides and redivides. It forms the prostrate system of plant. The xojecting system arises from the filaments of the prostrate system. The new plant form is haploid. Therefore, it isgametophyte. The meiozoospores develop into a gameiophytic olant. Therefore, these spores are also called as gonozoospores.

         b) Germination of mitozoospores: The zoospores proauced in olurilocular sporangia are mitozoospores. They develop in the same manner as the meiozoospores. But they are diploid. Therefore, they develop into a diploid sporophyte. Therefore, the mitozoospores are also called as neutral spores. They are .ised for the reduplication of sporophyte generation.

         Sexual Reproduction

         Sexual reproduction takes place by isogamy or anisogamy. Majority of the species are isogamous and homothallic. Some species are anisogamous. Ectocarpus secundus is heterothallic and anisogamous. The gametes are produced in plurilocular gametangia. These gametangia are many-celled, elongated, and sessile or shortly stalked con i :al structures. These gametangia are produced on the haploid plants developing from the meiozoospores. The development of gam ztangia is similar to that of plurilocular sporangia.

         I. These develop from terminal cell of a lateral branch. The gametangial initial gets inflated. It divides mitotically by repeated transverse divisions. It produces a vertical row of flat cells.

         2. These cells undergo repeated vertical and transverse divisions. They form many hundred small cubical cells. These cells are arranged in 24-40 transverse rows.
         3. The protoplast of each cell metatnorphoses into a single, pyriform, biflagellate, haploid zoogamete. The flagella are laterally attached. The zoospores and the gametes are similar in structure. But the gametes are relatively smaller in size.
         4. fhe gametes are liberated from the gametangium an apical pore formed in the cell .val I of the sporangium. Forms of sexual reproductions
         5. Isogamy: Isogamous species are E. pusilus and E. globifer etc. In these species, the fusion takes place between alike gametes. These gametes belong to the same plant or even to toe same gametangium.
         6. Physiological anisogamy or Clump Formation: It occurs in species like E. siliculosis. The fusing gametes are identical norphologically. But they show different sexual behaviour. One is less active and is called female gamete. The other is more active and is called male gamete. The female gamete soon comes to rest. It settles on a substratum. It becomes surrounded py active male gametes. The male gametes attach themselves to the female gamete through their anterior flagella. The anchoring ;lagellum contracts. Therefore, the body of the male gamete comes in contact with that of the female gamete and the fusion takes place. This phenomenon is called clump formation.
         7. Morphological Anisogamy: It occurs in species like E. secundus. In this case, the two fusing gametes are dissimilar in size. They are produced in different gametangia: The smaller ones are produced in microgametangia. The larger ones are lroduced in megagametangia

         Fertilization

         Fere lization occurs and diploid zygote is formed. There is no zygotic meiosis. The zygote germinates into a diploid sporophyte.

         Alternation of Generations

         Ectocarpus shows isomorphic alternation of generations.

         a) Sporophyte: The sporophyte is diploid. It develops two types of sporangia. Zoospores are produced in these sporangia. Zoospores are produced by mitosis (mitozoospores) in plurilocular sporangia. The zoospores in unilocular sporangia are produced meiotically (meiozoospores). The mitozoospores germinate into a diploid sporophyte. These spores cause reduplication of sporophyte generation. The meiozoospores germinate to give rise a haploid gametophyte plant.

         Gametophyte: It develops pl uri !ocular gametangia. These gametophytes are similar to the sporophyte in morphology. Haploid gametes are produced in the gametangia. These gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. Zygote germinates into a diploid sporophyte plant. In some species the gametophyte generation is also reduplicated by the parthenogenesis. In this case, the gametes from plu-ilocular sporangia form new gametophyte generation.

         DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE)

         1. Occurrence: Most of them are marine. Only few species are fresh water. They grow on rocks and stones. Some are epiphytes. Many marine species grow below the intertidal zone.
         2. Vegetative structure: All the red algae are multicellular. Cell joins end to end to form branched filaments. In some cases, thallus form more complex structures.
         3. Cell structure: Cell is chiefly composed of cellulose. It contains some pectic substances and polysulphate esters. Cells are uninucleate. Some species have multinucleate nuclei. Mature cells are vacuolated. Primitive forms have one central stellate chrcmatophore. But the advanced forms have several discoid chromatophores. Each chromatophore has single pyrenoid. Pyrenoid is not covered by starch sheath. The protoplasts of the adjoining cells are connected through plasmodesmata.
         4. Pigments: Red algae contain a red pigment phycoerythrin. Sometimes, a blue pigments phycocyanin is also present. They also have other photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and Xanthophyll.
         5. Reserve food material: The chief reserve food ma:erial is Floridean starch. It is an intermediate compound between starch and dextrin.
         6. Asexual reproduction: Vegetative reproduction is rare in this group. Asexual reproduction occurs by non-motile spores. Following spot rs are produced in it:
         • Neutral spore: They are produced by protoplast of vegetative :ell directly.
         • M000spores: They are produced on sexual generation. They are produced singly within sporangia.
         • Tetraspores: They are produced in sporophyte. Meiosis occurs in it. So four haploid spores are produced in each sporangium.
         • Paraspores: In this case, a large number of spores are produced within a single sporangium. They are produced on diploid porophyte plant.

         7. Sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction is oogamous. But all gam .tes are non-motile.

         • Antheridia: The male sex organ is antheridia or spermatangia. Sach antheridia produce single non-motile male gamete called spermatium.
         • Carpogonium: The female sex organ is carpcgonium. Carpogonium has neck like outgrowth called trichogyne. Each carpogonium contain single egg or oosphere.

         The spermatia fall on carpogonium during fertilization. It enters into trichogyne. Fertilization takes place and zygote is formed. Zygote divides by meiosis and produce four carpospores directly. In some species, carpospores are produced indirectly form zygote.